Job Title: Senior Computer / Network Technician Location: Valcartier, QC Remote: Hybrid Business Unit: Advanced Technologies Department 1: Defence Department 2: Engineering Job Type: Full-time
Position Overview: Calian is seeking a Computer / Networking Technician for an upcoming project in the defense sector.
Responsibilities: • Maintain existing software for both perfective and corrective change • Provisioning of software/hardware updates • Assisting in identifying, selecting and implementing software/hardware changes • Designing, implementing, operating and maintaining of VPNs • Providing network configuration management services • Testing and maintaining network operation • Installing, updating and monitoring of computer/network security utilities • Maintaining computer/network hardware at all sites
Requirements: • Must currently hold Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of Canada • Must have a recognized Canadian College Technical Diploma related to Information Technology OR 10 years of demonstrated work experience as a technician in a field related to Information Technology. • Must have a minimum of ten (10) years of demonstrated experience in an applicable field of IT as a technician • Must have a minimum of four (4) years experience in the last five (5) years performing the role of a Computer/Network technician maintaining and testing of computer systems and related products • Experience providing technical planning and support for a 50+ device networks • Experience with routing and network protocols such as OSPF, spanning tree, VLANs and VPNs • Experience maintaining WAN and LAN systems • Experience in the configuration control and documentation of WAN and LAN systems • Experience working in WAN and LAN improvement projects • Experience working in a Microsoft operating system environment • Experience working in a Unix/Linux operating system environment • Experience applying security updates for known system vulnerabilities • Experience monitoring and managing endpoint security protection systems • Experience supporting virtualization or containerization environments
#LI-JC1
Become a part of the Calian team and join over 3,000 professionals working on projects that span Canada, the U.S., and international markets. Our capabilities are diverse enabling us to offer professional career opportunities within business and technology services in health, training, engineering, and IT services as well as within the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of complex systems to the communications and defence sectors. Founded in 1982, Calian is a Canadian company that is publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (CGY).
Calian values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Calian is committed to being responsive to the diverse needs of its members, employees, and others, by striving to prevent and remove systemic barriers. All qualified individuals are encouraged to apply and we welcome applications from women, visible minorities, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities, persons of diverse sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and others who may contribute to the diversity of our organization. We thank all applicants for their interest; however, only candidates under consideration will be contacted. We will provide accommodations during the recruitment process upon request.
Job Title: Computer / Network TechnicianLocation: Ottawa, ONRemote: HybridBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: DefenceDepartment 2: EngineeringJob Type: Full-timePosition Overview:Calian is seeking a Computer / Networking Technician for an upcoming project in the defense sector.Responsibilities:• Maintain existing software for both perfective and corrective change• Provisioning of software/hardware updates• Assisting in identifying, selecting and implementing software/hardware changes• Designing, implementing, operating and maintaining of VPNs• Providing network configuration management services• Testing and maintaining network operation• Installing, updating and monitoring of computer/network security utilities• Maintaining computer/network hardware at all sitesRequirements:• Must currently hold Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of Canada• Must have a recognized Canadian College Technical Diploma related to Information Technology OR 10 years of demonstrated work experience as a technician in a field related to Information Technology.• Must have a minimum of ten (10) years of demonstrated experience in an applicable field of IT as a technician• Must have a minimum of four (4) years experience in the last five (5) years performing the role of a Computer/Network technician maintaining and testing of computer systems and related products• Experience providing technical planning and support for a 50+ device networks• Experience with routing and network protocols such as OSPF, spanning tree, VLANs and VPNs• Experience maintaining WAN and LAN systems• Experience in the configuration control and documentation of WAN and LAN systems• Experience working in WAN and LAN improvement projects• Experience working in a Microsoft operating system environment• Experience working in a Unix/Linux operating system environment• Experience applying security updates for known system vulnerabilities• Experience monitoring and managing endpoint security protection systems• Experience supporting virtualization or containerization environments#LI-JC1Become a part of the Calian team and join over 3,000 professionals working on projects that span Canada, the U.S., and international markets. Our capabilities are diverse enabling us to offer professional career opportunities within business and technology services in health, training, engineering, and IT services as well as within the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of complex systems to the communications and defence sectors. Founded in 1982, Calian is a Canadian company that is publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (CGY).Calian values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Calian is committed to being responsive to the diverse needs of its members, employees, and others, by striving to prevent and remove systemic barriers. All qualified individuals are encouraged to apply and we welcome applications from women, visible minorities, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities, persons of diverse sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and others who may contribute to the diversity of our organization. We thank all applicants for their interest; however, only candidates under consideration will be contacted. We will provide accommodations during the recruitment process upon request.
Job Title: Sr. Software ArchitectLocation: Trenton, ONRemote: YesBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: EngineeringDepartment 2: DefenceJob Type: Full-timePosition OverviewCalian is seeking a Software Architect to play a pivotal role in facilitating our client's project. This multifaceted position where your expertise will be instrumental in shaping the project's technological landscape and ensuring its successful implementation. You will be tasked with demonstrating your proficiency in designing scalable and efficient software solutions. Join our dynamic team and contribute to the advancement of cutting-edge technology within a collaborative and innovative environment.Responsibilities:Lead the design and implementation of scalable, secure, and high-performance software architectures.Collaborate with cross-functional teams, including developers, product managers, and business stakeholders, to understand requirements and translate them into robust architectural solutions.Evaluate and select appropriate technologies and tools to meet project objectives.Provide DSEEP (Data Science, Engineering, Evaluation, and Planning) services to enhance system capabilities.Lead Training System Concept Development and contribute to Training System Requirement Derivation.Oversee Training System Development, ensuring the use of best practices and adherence to architectural guidelines.Conduct Training System Effectiveness Assessment to continually enhance performance.Work on TIES (Training and Interactive Educational Systems) to create immersive and effective learning experiences.Define and enforce coding standards, best practices, and development processes.Provide technical leadership and mentorship to the development team.Conduct architectural reviews and participate in code reviews to ensure quality and adherence to architectural guidelines.Stay abreast of industry trends, emerging technologies, and best practices to continuously improve our software development processes.RequirementsMust currently hold or be eligible for Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of CanadaMust have a minimum of ten (10) years of demonstrated experience in an applicable field of software developmentMust have a minimum of four (4) years experience in the last five (5) years performing the role of a Software Architect designing, developing, and deploying software systemsMust have experience designing, developing, and deploying software systemsMust have experience deriving functional requirements in a Software Architecture systemMust have experience designing complex software systems, including software and IT architecture, in multiple Project TaskingsMust have experience developing complex software systems, encompassing both software and IT architecture, in multiple Project TaskingsMust have experience working in both Microsoft and Unix operating system environmentsMust have experience integrating and testing software within a Software Architecture systemMust have experience generating, updating, and maintaining software design documentationMust have experience determining and implementing IT infrastructure
Job Title: Senior Computer / Network TechnicianLocation: Gagetown, NBRemote: HybridBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: DefenceDepartment 2: EngineeringJob Type: Full-timePosition Overview:Calian is seeking a Computer / Networking Technician for an upcoming project in the defense sector.Responsibilities:• Maintain existing software for both perfective and corrective change• Provisioning of software/hardware updates• Assisting in identifying, selecting and implementing software/hardware changes• Designing, implementing, operating and maintaining of VPNs• Providing network configuration management services• Testing and maintaining network operation• Installing, updating and monitoring of computer/network security utilities• Maintaining computer/network hardware at all sitesRequirements:• Must currently hold Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of Canada• Must have a recognized Canadian College Technical Diploma related to Information Technology OR 10 years of demonstrated work experience as a technician in a field related to Information Technology.• Must have a minimum of ten (10) years of demonstrated experience in an applicable field of IT as a technician• Must have a minimum of four (4) years experience in the last five (5) years performing the role of a Computer/Network technician maintaining and testing of computer systems and related products• Experience providing technical planning and support for a 50+ device networks• Experience with routing and network protocols such as OSPF, spanning tree, VLANs and VPNs• Experience maintaining WAN and LAN systems• Experience in the configuration control and documentation of WAN and LAN systems• Experience working in WAN and LAN improvement projects• Experience working in a Microsoft operating system environment• Experience working in a Unix/Linux operating system environment• Experience applying security updates for known system vulnerabilities• Experience monitoring and managing endpoint security protection systems• Experience supporting virtualization or containerization environments#LI-JC1Become a part of the Calian team and join over 3,000 professionals working on projects that span Canada, the U.S., and international markets. Our capabilities are diverse enabling us to offer professional career opportunities within business and technology services in health, training, engineering, and IT services as well as within the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of complex systems to the communications and defence sectors. Founded in 1982, Calian is a Canadian company that is publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (CGY).Calian values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Calian is committed to being responsive to the diverse needs of its members, employees, and others, by striving to prevent and remove systemic barriers. All qualified individuals are encouraged to apply and we welcome applications from women, visible minorities, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities, persons of diverse sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and others who may contribute to the diversity of our organization. We thank all applicants for their interest; however, only candidates under consideration will be contacted. We will provide accommodations during the recruitment process upon request.
Position OverviewCalian recrute actuellement des instructeurs CBRN pour soutenir les cours de Qualification militaire de base et de Qualification militaire de base des officiers pour les recrues à la Base des Forces canadiennes de Saint-Jean, QC. ResponsibilitiesLes tâches peuvent inclure, sans s'y limiter, les éléments suivants :Fournir une instruction, comme indiqué dans le TA, sur les connaissances et/ou compétences nécessaires pour effectuer les tâches d’un membre des FC de manière efficaceUtiliser des logiciels de traitement de texte, de tableur et de base de données (suite MS Office)Préparer des plans de coursAssister d'autres instructeurs dans des activités de formation nécessitant plus d'un instructeurConseiller les étudiants sur leur progressionMaintenir et mettre à jour les dossiers des étudiantsRéaliser des évaluations des étudiantsAider le MDN en faisant des recommandations et des modifications au programme d'études existantFournir un soutien en matière de sécurité en administrant les premiers soins immédiats aux étudiants et au personnel de l'unité en cas d'urgenceIdentifier les lacunes en matière d'équipement de formationSurveiller les activités de formation et fournir des commentaires pour améliorer les techniques d'instructionSuggérer des améliorations de formation via la chaîne de commandementDévelopper des exercices à l'appui de la formationCoordonner les détails administratifs des coursProduire un rapport d’examen post-coursQualificationsMinimum d'une (1) année d'expérience en enseignement dans le domaine lié à la tâche Minimum de deux (2) années d'expérience de travail (pas en tant qu'instructeur) dans le domaine lié à la tâcheDétenir une certification valide en premiers soins de baseDétenir un permis provincial valide. Doit pouvoir se qualifier pour un permis de conduire DND 404Être capable d'obtenir une autorisation de sécurité gouvernementale au niveau de fiabilité
Job Title: Senior Software EngineerLocation: Halifax, NSRemote: YesBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: EngineeringDepartment 2: DefenceJob Type: Full-timePosition OverviewCalian, a trusted partner to government and industry, is seeking a highly skilled and experienced Senior Systems Engineer to join our dynamic team. As a leading provider of professional services, Calian offers an exciting opportunity to contribute to cutting-edge projects in the realm of training system development and engineering services.ResponsibilitiesTraining system concept developmentRequirements solicitationIdentify high level system requirementsRequirements definition and derivation of lower level requirementsIdentify appropriate training mediaData collection of potential simulationsTraining system developmentTechnical Investigation and Engineering Services (TIES)Provision of DSEEP servicesRequirementsHold or be eligible for Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of CanadaPossess a Bachelor’s Degree from a distinguished Canadian* University in an Engineering field directly related to Information TechnologyDemonstrate a robust minimum of ten (10) years of hands-on experience in a relevant engineering fieldShowcase a minimum of four (4) years of recent experience within the last five (5) years, actively engaged as a systems engineer, specializing in the design, development, and deployment of intricate "System of Systems" productsHold a Master’s degree from a recognized Canadian* University, specializing in a field pertinent to Information TechnologyExhibit hands-on experience conducting requirements elicitation through insightful discussions with users, customers, and diverse stakeholders within a "System of Systems" environmentDisplay proven expertise in conducting requirement analysis and deriving system requirements from operational requirements within the complex framework of "System of Systems"Illustrate hands-on experience in performing system design, specifically supporting software development within the intricate context of "System of Systems"Demonstrate proficiency in performing software validation and verification to ensure the distinctive product attains its designated design intent within the nuanced landscape of "System of Systems"Showcase a history of generating, updating, and meticulously maintaining technical documentation to the highest standardsPossess an INCOSE Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP) certification or a current INCOSE Expert Systems Engineering Professional (ESEP) certificationBring valuable experience participating in one or more project taskings utilizing the Agile development processShowcase hands-on experience contributing to one or more project taskings that successfully developed products specifically tailored for the Military Domain
Position OverviewCalian is seeking a bilingual (English/French) Jr. Standards Support Designer to support the Human Resources department in assessing and improving training programs and employee development initiatives. The ideal candidate will have at least five years of experience in training evaluation and be skilled in developing assessments, analyzing results, and providing feedback for continuous HR improvement.ResponsibilitiesTraining Plan Management: Maintain and update Training Plans (TPs), liaising with instructors to ensure alignment with training objectives.Training Plan Oversight: Manage and update Training Plans (TPs), ensuring alignment with HR development objectives, and collaborate with instructors to maintain training standards.Assessment Creation & Management: Develop and maintain Supporting Knowledge Exams (SKEs) and Performance Checks (PCs) for employee training, ensuring assessments align with organizational standards.Examination Administration: Oversee the administration, scoring, and analysis of SKEs and PCs, ensuring fairness and consistency in HR-related evaluations.Program Evaluation: Conduct thorough analysis of training programs and assessments to measure effectiveness and ensure alignment with HR performance goals.Continuous HR Improvement: Provide actionable insights and feedback to HR and training teams based on evaluation results, promoting continuous improvement in training processes.Collaboration with HR: Work closely with HR teams to integrate evaluation outcomes into broader HR strategies, improving employee development and training initiatives.QualificationsMinimum of 5 years’ experience in training and education evaluation.Proficiency in both English and French (oral and written).Strong analytical skills with proficiency in statistical analysis and assessment design.Additional RequirementsYou will be able to obtain a Government Security Clearance at the Reliability level.
Job Title: Human Systems Integration SpecialistLocation: Gatineau, QCRemote: NoBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: EngineeringDepartment 2: DefenceJob Type: Full-time Position Overview:Calian is seeking a Human Systems Integration Specialist who will provide support to the Director General Aerospace Engineering Program Management (DTAES) project managers, DGAEPM, DGMPD, and other DND/CAF organizations in support of the DND/CAF aircraft fleets (manned and unmanned) and related systems and equipment.Responsibilities:• Evaluate design changes and conduct certification, qualification, and other activities related to Human Factors and/or Human Systems engineering assessment of aircraft, avionics, systems, and equipment;• Provide input and recommendations for certification basis development and for specification of qualification requirements related to Human System assessment of aircraft, avionics, systems, and equipment;• Evaluate and make recommendations on tools, processes, technologies, and methodologies for use in developing or evaluating the Human System aspects of aircraft, avionics, systems, and equipment;• Participate in oversight activities of accredited organization performing technical or maintenance activities and/or certification or qualification of aircraft, avionics, systems, and equipment;• Provide input for the development and maintenance of the Technical Airworthiness Manual;• Draft new material or provide input in the development and maintenance of the Airworthiness Design Standards Manual Standards and Technical Advisory Material;• Prepare or assist in the preparation of technical notes, reports, memoranda, letters, airworthiness and technical dispositions, forms, correspondence, guidance material, and any other documentation; and• Provide recommendations and feedback to the Technical Airworthiness Authority on matters related to certification, qualification, the Airworthiness Review Board, Risk Management, Technical Airworthiness Manual, and as requested.Requirements:• Must have an undergraduate degree from a recognized post-secondary institution* in engineering, psychology or science discipline, OR, Must have a post graduate degree from a recognized post-secondary institution in Ergonomics/Human Factors or Engineering, Psychology or Science discipline or specialist training and qualifications in human factors analysis and implementation related to aircraft design, OR, Must have obtained the rank of Capt or above within the Aerospace Engineering Officer (AERE) classification within the CAF and have specialist training and qualifications in the field of human factors.• Must have a minimum of five (5) years’ experience within the past ten (10) years performing human factors and/or human systems engineering specialist work in support of aircraft design or modification in military and/or civilian type aircraft.• Must have two (2) years’ experience within the last seven (7) years in performing human factors / human system integration related engineering support to airworthiness certification activities using recognized civil or military standards, including review of design, work with basis of certification, work with certification plans, work with compliance programs and related compliance documentation.• Must provide details, including at least one (1) example, of work performed or formal education that clearly demonstrates knowledge in at least three (3) of the following four (4) areas:o Aerospace human factor engineering and flight test principles, practices and regulations as applied to fixed and rotary wing aircraft.o Air operations and human factors engineering as it applies to aircraft certification and the establishment of airworthiness objectives through the application of recognized civil or military standards.o Analysis, synthesis and research methodologies, practices and tools to integrate analysis of data. Ability to discover facts and/or develop knowledge, concepts or interpretations and reformulate the results of these analyses into recommendations for action for the following Human Factors work areas: HFE field surveys & Questionnaires, Cognitive Task Analysis, Mission, Function Task Analysis, Formal Test Plans and Reports and anthropometric evaluations.o New and evolving technology, trends and developments in human factor engineering and investigations activities to keep abreast of the advances to enable cost effective and safe approaches to design, manufacture and maintain equipment and systems.Security:Contractor must be cleared to Level II (Secret).Location of Work:The primary place of work is in the DTAES organization, located at 455 Boulevard de la Carrière, Gatineau, QC. The specialist may also be required to witness testing at other organizations. A remote work posture may be authorized on a case-by-case basis at the discretion of the Task Manager and pursuant to Controlled Goods policies for embedded contractors.#LI-JC1Become a part of the Calian team and join over 3,000 professionals working on projects that span Canada, the U.S., and international markets. Our capabilities are diverse enabling us to offer professional career opportunities within business and technology services in health, training, engineering, and IT services as well as within the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of complex systems to the communications and defence sectors. Founded in 1982, Calian is a Canadian company that is publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (CGY).Calian values diversity and is an equal opportunity employer. Calian is committed to being responsive to the diverse needs of its members, employees, and others, by striving to prevent and remove systemic barriers. All qualified individuals are encouraged to apply and we welcome applications from women, visible minorities, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities, persons of diverse sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and others who may contribute to the diversity of our organization. We thank all applicants for their interest; however, only candidates under consideration will be contacted. We will provide accommodations during the recruitment process upon request.
Job Title: Senior Software EngineerLocation: Ottawa, ONRemote: YesBusiness Unit: Advanced TechnologiesDepartment 1: EngineeringDepartment 2: DefenceJob Type: Full-timePosition OverviewCalian, a trusted partner to government and industry, is seeking a highly skilled and experienced Senior Systems Engineer to join our dynamic team. As a leading provider of professional services, Calian offers an exciting opportunity to contribute to cutting-edge projects in the realm of training system development and engineering services.ResponsibilitiesTraining system concept developmentRequirements solicitationIdentify high level system requirementsRequirements definition and derivation of lower level requirementsIdentify appropriate training mediaData collection of potential simulationsTraining system developmentTechnical Investigation and Engineering Services (TIES)Provision of DSEEP servicesRequirementsHold or be eligible for Secret – Level II (or higher) Clearance with the Government of CanadaPossess a Bachelor’s Degree from a distinguished Canadian* University in an Engineering field directly related to Information TechnologyDemonstrate a robust minimum of ten (10) years of hands-on experience in a relevant engineering fieldShowcase a minimum of four (4) years of recent experience within the last five (5) years, actively engaged as a systems engineer, specializing in the design, development, and deployment of intricate "System of Systems" productsHold a Master’s degree from a recognized Canadian* University, specializing in a field pertinent to Information TechnologyExhibit hands-on experience conducting requirements elicitation through insightful discussions with users, customers, and diverse stakeholders within a "System of Systems" environmentDisplay proven expertise in conducting requirement analysis and deriving system requirements from operational requirements within the complex framework of "System of Systems"Illustrate hands-on experience in performing system design, specifically supporting software development within the intricate context of "System of Systems"Demonstrate proficiency in performing software validation and verification to ensure the distinctive product attains its designated design intent within the nuanced landscape of "System of Systems"Showcase a history of generating, updating, and meticulously maintaining technical documentation to the highest standardsPossess an INCOSE Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP) certification or a current INCOSE Expert Systems Engineering Professional (ESEP) certificationBring valuable experience participating in one or more project taskings utilizing the Agile development processShowcase hands-on experience contributing to one or more project taskings that successfully developed products specifically tailored for the Military Domain
Aperçu du poste :Calian recherche un commis de soutien à la formation pour appuyer le ministère de la Défense nationale (MDN) du Canada dans la gestion de ses programmes de formation. Ce poste nécessite une maîtrise du français et de l'anglais, et les candidats doivent être disponibles pour travailler sur site.Responsabilités :Fournir une administration générale, des services de bureau et des compétences cléricales en soutien à la formation des étudiants. Les ressources ne doivent pas être affectées au soutien du personnel (civil ou militaire).Recevoir, enregistrer, compiler et distribuer des documents, de la correspondance, ainsi que des courriels et des fax.Soutenir les routines d'arrivée et de départ des étudiants.Utiliser des logiciels de traitement de texte, de tableur et de base de données (suite MS Office) ainsi que les applications Guardian.Maintenir et mettre à jour les dossiers des étudiants.Gérer une base de données pour les listes de cours et la planification, et répondre aux demandes d'informations connexes.Aider à la mise en place des cours, y compris la génération de calendriers, la création de dossiers étudiants, l'obtention et la réservation des ressources de cours.Traiter les demandes de remboursement de voyage et répondre aux questions des étudiants à ce sujet, en utilisant le système de gestion des demandes (ClaimsX) et les demandes de dépenses générales.Qualifications :Un minimum de deux (2) ans d'expérience en soutien administratif au cours des cinq (5) dernières années.Un minimum de six (6) mois d'expérience dans l'utilisation de Guardian/HRMS au cours des cinq (5) dernières années.Exigences supplémentaires :Être capable de soulever un minimum de 10 kg à une hauteur de 90 cm et de le porter sur au moins 3 mètres sans assistance.Supporter de longues périodes de station debout ou assise pendant plus d'une heure dans des conditions environnementales intérieures variables.Être en mesure d'obtenir une habilitation de sécurité gouvernementale au niveau de fiabilité. Position Overview Calian is looking for a Training Support Office Clerk to support the Department of National Defence (DND) Canada in managing their training programs. This position requires bilingual proficiency in French and English, and candidates must be available to work on-site. Responsibilities Providing general administration, office services, and related clerical skills in support of student training. Resources are not to be tasked to support staff (civilian and/or military). Receiving, registering, compiling and distributing documents, correspondence, and fax and electronic mail. Providing support for arrival and departure routine for students.Using word processing, spreadsheet, database software (MS Office Suite) and Guardian applications.Maintaining and updating student records.Maintaining a database for course listing and scheduling and responding to related inquires.Assisting with course set up including generating schedules, creating student files, obtaining course resources, and booking course resources; and Processing travel claims and responding to claims inquiries from students and using the claims management system (ClaimsX) and General Allowance Claims. Qualifications Must have a minimum of two (2) years' experience providing administrative support within the last five (5) years.Must have a minimum of six (6) months’ experience in using Guardian/HRMS within the last five (5) years.Additional RequirementsLift a minimum of 10 kg to a height of 90 cm and carry it for at least 3 meters without assistance.Endure prolonged standing or sitting for over an hour in varying indoor environmental conditions.You will be able to obtain a Government Security Clearance at the Reliability level.
